Cross-border transactions play a crucial role in global commerce by allowing South African businesses to extend their reach and participate in international markets. However, these transactions present distinct legal challenges that need to be handled carefully to ensure compliance and reduce risks. 

South African businesses involved in cross-border transactions must navigate a complex regulatory environment. 

Introduction 

Exchange Control in South Africa is overseen by the South African Reserve Bank (SARB). These regulations control the movement of currency across borders. Businesses are required to comply with these regulations, which may involve obtaining approval for certain transactions and adhering to reporting requirements. 

The Customs and Excise Act 91 of 1964 governs the import and export of goods, duties, tariffs, and trade restrictions. Businesses must comply with customs regulations to avoid penalties and ensure smooth transactions. 

Cross-border transactions often have tax implications such as Value-Added Tax (VAT), customs duties, and transfer pricing rules. Businesses must understand their tax obligations in both South Africa and the foreign jurisdiction to prevent double taxation and penalties. 

Due Diligence  

In cross-border transactions, it is crucial to conduct thorough due diligence to evaluate the risks associated with foreign partners, suppliers, and markets. Verify that the foreign entity complies with local laws and regulations, including corporate governance, labour laws, and environmental standards. Additionally, it's vital to assess the financial stability of the foreign entity to ensure it can fulfil its contractual obligations. Conducting background checks to evaluate the reputation and business practices of the foreign entity is also advised. 

Contractual Considerations  

Contracts are essential for cross-border transactions. When drafting and negotiating contracts, it is crucial to consider the following: 

It is crucial to specify the governing law of the contract. Depending on the nature of the transaction and the jurisdictions involved, South African law may only sometimes be the preferred choice. Businesses should carefully consider the implications of choosing foreign law. 

Cross-border transactions can lead to disputes. Including a clear dispute resolution mechanism in the contract is essential. Arbitration is often favoured for cross-border disputes due to its neutrality and enforceability. 

Intellectual Property (IP) Protection  

Cross-border transactions often involve the transfer or licensing of intellectual property. Businesses need to register their trademarks, patents, and copyrights in a foreign jurisdiction to ensure protection. Intellectual property rights registered in South Africa do not automatically extend to other countries. Clear and enforceable licensing agreements are essential when transferring or licensing intellectual property across borders. These agreements should address issues such as royalties, exclusivity, and termination rights. 

Conclusion  

Businesses need to be aware of any trade sanctions or embargoes imposed by South Africa or foreign jurisdictions, as engaging in transactions with sanctioned entities can result in severe penalties. It's recommended to consider using financial instruments such as forward contracts, options, or swaps to hedge against currency risks. This can provide greater certainty in pricing and cost management. It's also important to include contractual clauses that address currency fluctuations, such as price adjustment mechanisms or payment in stable currencies. 

Cross-border transactions offer significant opportunities for South African businesses, but they also present unique legal challenges. By understanding and addressing the regulatory, contractual, and compliance issues outlined above, companies can mitigate risks and achieve successful outcomes in the global marketplace. 

Consulting with legal professionals experienced in cross-border transactions is essential to navigate these complexities and protect your business interests. 

Written by Nicolene Schoeman-Louw, Specialist: Commercial and Contract Law, SchoemanLaw Inc