Former homeland areas continue to have significantly higher levels of deprivation and poverty than the rest of South Africa. Of all the former homeland areas, the erstwhile Transkei in the Eastern Cape has the highest levels of deprivation (measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation for 2011) as well as income poverty. Indeed, the deprivation gap between former homelands and the rest of South Africa has not declined in the period 2001 to 2011.

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Written by Michael Noble, Executive Director, Southern African Social Policy Research Institute;  Wanga Zembe, Director and Research Fellow, Southern African Social Policy Research Institute; Gemma Wright, Research Director, Southern African Social Policy Research Institute

This article was first published on the Econ3x3 website – Accessible policy-relevant research and expert commentaries on unemployment and employment, income distribution and inclusive growth in South Africa.