Israel is determined to push ahead with a goal to move a million or more civilians from Rafah before an attack on the Hamas-held city in Gaza, even though officials acknowledge in private they have no precise strategy for how to do it, how long it will take or where the people will go.

In a brief phone interview with Bloomberg on Wednesday, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said he’s ordered the military to come up with a plan to move civilians and is awaiting its arrival.

Desperate Gazans have sought refuge in Rafah, and many are now living in tents and on streets, facing hunger and illness. Forcing them to return to devastated areas is expected to add to a death toll that has already exceeded 29 000, according to the Hamas-run Health Ministry.

Israeli leaders see this as an inflection point, however. They believe they are getting close to dismantling the military structure of Hamas, considered a terrorist organisation by the US and European Union, and finding the remaining 100 hostages. Meeting these goals can only be accomplished in Rafah, they say, where officials think between 5 000 and 8 000 fighters and Hamas leadership are hiding, mostly in tunnels, along with the hostages.

While the US and other allies have pushed for a cease-fire, Israeli officials say that the conditions Hamas recently laid out for a deal that would have released the hostages in exchange for freeing Palestinians in Israeli jails were so extreme that talks became futile. US-led efforts to revive a deal are ongoing in Cairo, although Israel hasn’t yet agreed to send representatives back to participate. Israel has offered a weeks-long delay in fighting for hostages, which Hamas so far rejected. Officials say ending the war is now Hamas’ singular goal — and it’s something Israel will not do.

In addition to the threat to civilians, a Rafah attack could provoke violence from Palestinians in the West Bank and Iran-backed militias in Lebanon, Iraq, Yemen and Syria, and create even greater geopolitical tumult. Israel’s full-scale response to the October 7 attack, which killed more than 1 200 people and took 240 hostages, has become a source of consternation to many governments, and particularly in the global South.

South Africa has accused Israel of genocide before the International Court of Justice, and leaders of the G-20 summit in Brazil are considering limiting the scope of that forum because participants are so split over the war in Gaza.

Allies worry that the longer the war continues, the likelier it is that Israel will lose whatever support it once had among Arab states. Israel has said it will launch a ground offensive in Rafah unless the hostages still held by Hamas are released by Ramadan — the Muslim holy month that begins on March 10.

Western officials are growing increasingly alarmed at the humanitarian situation in Gaza, and the US and its allies have been pressing Israel for details on how it plans to move the civilian population north. While officials believe that Israel will conduct its military operation in Rafah no matter what, according to people familiar with the matter, there is concern about the Ramadan deadline and the broader humanitarian strategy.

Netanyahu made his position very clear at a press conference last Saturday, saying, “Those who want to prevent us from operating in Rafah are essentially telling us: ‘Lose the war.’ I won’t let that happen. We won’t capitulate to any pressure.”

Polls show he has public support for this view.

Israeli officials say Ramadan will not get in the way of their military aims. They assert that the sooner they can declare victory over Hamas, the sooner citizens will begin to feel secure again, and discussions of regional security strategies can begin.

“If there is no hostage deal, we will also operate during Ramadan,” said Benny Gantz, an opposition leader and member of the war cabinet, at a press conference on Wednesday.

Of Hamas’ five fighting brigades, two based in and around Gaza City in the north and a third near the southern city of Khan Younis have essentially been broken, the military says. The fourth and fifth remaining forces have largely consolidated in Rafah.

“We are coming to the end of the beginning,” said Yaakov Amidror, a former national security adviser. “Completing Khan Younis will take another week. In March, we will move our forces into Rafah where the fighting will take till the end of April. We can then move to a configuration of smaller forces like we have in the north.”

He predicted that low-level fighting would go on for the rest of the year.

Amidror and the officials say Israel’s intelligence on Hamas has grown significantly following raids and confessions taken from hundreds of militants captured during weeks of fighting in Khan Younis.

Israel says that of the 40 000 fighters under arms in Hamas and the smaller Islamic Jihad, it has killed 10 500 in the war along with 1 300 on October 7 after the Hamas attack. Some 2 000 have been captured and an estimated 10 000 wounded. That leaves about 15 000 along with the top leadership that they are seeking.

There has also been a huge reduction in the number of rockets and missiles fired at Israel in recent weeks. An Israeli officer speaking by phone from Gaza said that most rocket launchers have been removed.

While the operation in Khan Younis has taken twice as long as expected, it has gone better than early fighting in Gaza City, the officer added. That city’s military infrastructure, which took Hamas 18 years to develop, was far more extensive than Israel realized, and Israelis forces needed time to learn how to operate certain kinds of drones in Gaza’s elaborate network of tunnels.

There has also been progress toward achieving some of the war’s more targeted goals, officials say. One official said Israeli forces recently raided a hideout in Khan Younis used by Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar, who appeared to have left in a hurry shortly before soldiers arrived. Millions of dollars in cash were found in US and Israeli currency.

When Israel does end its war, it will then have to deal with the contentious question of what happens next. While the US, European allies and the Arab world all want Israel to commit to the creation of a Palestinian state to run Gaza, Netanyahu has rejected this idea, saying that such a move would be tantamount to rewarding Hamas for the October 7 attacks.

On Wednesday, Parliament passed 99-9 a resolution rejecting an imposition of a Palestinian state on Israel, again suggesting that Netanyahu has plenty of support for his stand on this. In his call with Bloomberg, he called it a “historic day” because of the overwhelming vote.

“This shows there is a tremendous price for terrorism and peace can only be achieved by direct negotiations,” he said.

Officials also say there’s no point in looking for new leadership in Gaza before Hamas is destroyed, as much of the population continues to live in fear of the organization, making it unlikely potential candidates will step forward.

These differences speak to an even larger ideological divide: While many governments have called for a solution that grants Palestinians dignity and political autonomy, Israelis tend to view the latter prospect, in light of the October massacre, as an existential threat. If Israel doesn’t control the territory around it, this argument goes, those areas will turn into staging grounds for the country’s enemies.